The criminal standard of proof in Nigeria “beyond reasonable doubt” is often upheld as a cornerstone of justice, serving to protect the presumption of innocence and prevent wrongful convictions. However, this paper contends that while the standard appears singular and well-established in principle, its application reveals a multiplicity of interpretations in practice. Through an examination of statutory provisions and judicial pronouncements, this paper highlights how different courts adopt varying thresholds for what constitutes “reasonable doubt,” often influenced by the personal reasoning, experiences, and evaluative tendencies of individual judges. It questions whether this foundational standard should remain subject to judicial discretion or whether it is time to establish a more objective framework to guide its application. By analysing relevant Nigerian case law and drawing insights from comparative jurisdictions, the paper advocates for a hybrid approach, one that respects the nuances of judicial interpretation while ensuring greater consistency and predictability in criminal adjudication.
December 5, 2025