This article examines the legal architecture of the prohibition on the use of force under the UN Charter and evaluates whether Israel’s strike on Iran can be justified within, or as an evolution of, Article 51’s self-defense framework. While the Charter system traditionally restricts unilateral force to narrow circumstances involving an actual armed attack, the article argues that existential threats, particularly those involving declared intentions of annihilation combined with nuclear capability, may warrant a more flexible interpretation of ‘imminence’. By contrasting Israel’s situation with controversial precedents such as the 2003 Iraq invasion and Russia’s 2022 attack on Ukraine, the article contends that preventive force, though legally fraught, may be justified where a State faces credible, explicit, and long‑standing threats to its survival.

This chapter examines the scope of copyright protection for architectural works, with particular emphasis on the legal challenges surrounding the definition of a “building” and the protection of non-habitable structures. It explores the historical development of copyright protection for architectural works and highlights the uncertainties that arise when distinguishing protected architectural works from non-protected three-dimensional structures such as bridges, dams, and monuments. The study compares the legal frameworks governing architectural copyright in the United Kingdom and Zambia. It finds that while both jurisdictions recognize architectural works as copyrightable artistic works, the United Kingdom provides a broader and clearer definition of a building under its copyright legislation, thereby offering greater legal certainty. In contrast, the Zambian Copyright Act does not define the term “building,” creating ambiguity regarding the scope of protection available to architects and designers. The chapter furtheranalyzes the remedies available for copyright infringement, including damages, injunctions, accounts of profits, delivery up of infringing articles, and criminal sanctions. It observes that although both jurisdictions provide similar remedies and comply with international copyright standards, the absence of clear statutory definitions and judicial guidance in Zambia limits the effective enforcement of rights relating to architectural works. The study concludes that legal clarity regarding the protection of architectural works is essential to safeguard the rights and interests of creators while encouraging innovation and development within the architectural profession. Keywords: Architectural Works, Copyright Infringement, Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright Protection

This chapter examines the legal and institutional framework for promoting gender equity and equality in Zambia, with particular attention to the protection of women, including female journalists, from discrimination in the workplace and society. It traces the historical development of gender equality from early international movements for women’s rights to contemporary legal standards. The study analyzes key international instruments ratified by Zambia, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), International LabourOrganization (ILO) Conventions, the Maputo Protocol, the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It further examines Zambia’s domestic legal framework, including the Constitution of Zambia, the Gender Equity and Equality Act, the Employment Code Act, the Industrial and Labour Relations Act, the National Gender Policy, and the Seventh National Development Plan. The chapter also highlights the role of institutions such as the Ministry of Gender, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group in advancing gender equality. The study finds that although Zambia has established comprehensive legal and policy mechanisms to promote gender equity and protect women’s rights, significant challenges remain due to persistent patriarchal norms, discrimination, and social inequalities. It concludes that effective implementation and enforcement of existing laws and policies are essential for achieving substantive gender equality in Zambia. Keywords: Gender Equality, Gender Discrimination, Women’s Rights, Zambia.

Architects and engineers depend on copyright law to protect their original works. The objective of this study is to explore how effective the Zambian copyright law regime is with regard to the protection of the rights and interests of creators of architectural works against copyright infringement. This study goes on to look at both domestic and international laws governing the rights and interests of creators of architectural works against copyright infringement. The aim of this research is to address the need for theawareness of the infringement of architectural works in Zambia against unauthorized copying. The findings of this research have also shown that there is a high level of ignorance and lack of sensitization in Zambia with respect to the issue of copyrightinfringement of architectural works. The solution includes the need to revise the copyright law in order to improve its enforcement and the protection of architectural works against unauthorized copying. Furthermore, there is need for proper training, education and sensitization of the rights and interests of creators of architectural works against copyright infringement among members of the public. Key words: Intellectual Property Law, Copyright, Architectural Works.

This study examines the challenges faced by female journalists in media workplaces in Zambia. Despite the increasing participation of women in journalism, many continue to experience gender-based discrimination that limits their professional growth and equal participation in the media industry. The research highlights key challenges such as financial inequality, limitedaccess to leadership positions due to the glass ceiling, masculine newsroom cultures, and sexual harassment. It further explores how historical, cultural, and social factors have contributed to the persistence of discriminatory practices against women in the workplace.The study analyzes relevant national and international legal frameworks, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Employment Code Act, and the Gender Equity and Equality Act, which seek to promote equality and protect women from discrimination. However, despite these legal protections, many female journalists continue to face unequal pay, restricted career advancement opportunities, gender stereotypes, and unsafe working environments. The research concludes that gender discrimination remains deeply embedded within the Zambian media industry and continues to affect the professional experiences of female journalists. It emphasizes the need for stronger enforcement of existing laws, institutional reforms, and changes in workplace culture to promote equality, protect women’s rights, and create a more inclusive media environment. Keywords: Female Journalists, Gender Discrimination, Media Workplace, Zambia