The relevance of the discourse of global spectrum regulation cannot be overemphasized. This is due to its vitality as a requisite for growth enhancement in the digital economy. The use of spectrum resources natural resources commands a high range of attention considering its trans-continental and national spread. Electromagnetic are boundless waves that demands a concerted effort of control and balance. This paper discussed the meaning of spectrum, its management, international organizations and regulations, and highlights regional and national organizations/regulations. The paper also discussed the key principles of spectrum management, how to achieve Spectrum Management, challenges, Global Best Practices for Effective Spectrum Regulation. The paper made recommendations and concluded that global spectrum regulation is critical for ensuring efficient use of spectrum, promoting competition, and enabling innovation in wireless technologies.

The definition of aggravated sexual assault as contained in the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act 2015 raises major concerns. Its broad definition of rape creates absurdity and interpretational problems in the administration of justice. This article aims at juxtaposing the definition of rape as contained in the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, hereinafter referred to as VAPPA, and the definition contained in the Criminal Code which is applicable in southern Nigeria. This article will also highlight the major problems arising from the definition of the VAPPA and the criminal code. However, emphasis will be placed on the VAPPA. A reform will be proposed thereafter.

Whenever the issue of “improving global economy” is discussed, the relevance of trade, investments and International Corporation are brought to the fore front of the list. Though rarely talked about in this light, corporate governance is one of the very important factors that that shapes the global economy. Although, this paper expatiates on the often shared view of how corporate governance improve the output of the corporation and the economy of the home country, it uses the often shared view as a stair to climb the height where corporate governance is seen from an international spectrum. It doesn’t only dwell on corporate governance as an aspect of economics but also breams a very bright light on the interception between laws and corporate governance. This paper treats the importance of corporate governance to the corporation and to the home nation under one head because in the opinion of the writer, the roles corporate governance play in these two entities are intertwined in most cases as will be properly explained.

The promise of justice as a foundation for democracy is betrayed in many developing countries where laws exist but rights remain paper notions for most citizens. Systematic obstacles persist yet silent actors like poverty, low literacy, corruption, feeble institutions, and geographical marginalization render reforms ineffective. This study probes the stubborn divergence between formal laws and lived experiences, clarifying why vulnerable groups routinely slip through the legal net. Comparative lenses reveal a constellation of dysfunctions: courts chronically starved of resources, backlogs that stretch waiting periods into years, and legal orders distorted by elites to bypass local realities. Embedded forces, including customary legal orders and informal settlement practices, exhibit ambivalence: their relative reach offers promise, but their governance can curtail internationally recognized rights. These dynamics, illustrated through fieldwork in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, expose the breadth of exclusion while showcasing realistic changes, rapid three-tier case management systems, mobile tribunals, and formal recognition of customary safeguards aligned to international norms mandating further scholarly and policy attention. The dialogue demonstrates how tech mobile courts, virtual legal aid channels, and web-based dispute resolution serves as a crucial driver in closing persistent access barriers. While frameworks like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 offer a valuable compass, enduring advances hinge on tailored interventions that marry legal overhaul with targeted socioeconomic progress. The article concludes that narrowing the justice gap in developing countries requires more than drafting stronger laws; it demands sustained political commitment, systematic strengthening of institutions, proactive public legal education, and the embedding of justice mechanisms within community-led initiatives. Only by pursuing these interconnected, comprehensive pathways can the promise of equitable justice cease to be a distant aspiration and instead manifest as the concrete daily experience of the planet’s most underserved groups.

Human rights are universally recognized as inherent entitlements of all individuals, yet their practical realization faces multiple impediments across the globe. This article interrogates the structural, legal, political, and economic barriers to human rights implementation, focusing on Nigeria, South Africa, and India as comparative case studies. While all three states have constitutional and international commitments to protect rights, they grapple with challenges such as non-justiciability, resource constraints, weak institutions, corruption, inequality, and political misuse of emergency powers. At the international level, the flexibility built into the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) particularly Article 4 of the ICCPR and the doctrine of progressive realization under the ICESCR further undermines accountability. Through comparative constitutional and jurisprudential analysis, supported by international commentary and case law, this article argues that the greatest obstacles are not the absence of rights in law but the gap between normative recognition and effective enforcement. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening domestic enforcement, narrowing international derogation clauses, empowering judicial activism, and promoting cooperative international frameworks.

This work impact on the effect of juvenile sentencing under section 1(2)A) of the VAPP Act as a breach of the fundamental minimum age principles for criminal responsibility of a child offender. The intent of enacting laws and sections of law that deals on child offender is not to punish but to correct, through a special court, rehabilitation juvenile system and later on access their development on whether or not to be integrated back into the society. The regular(normal) court system lack the cares and sensitivity of handling child prosecution as it requires due protocol that will not hinder the development of a child later on in life; as a crime is not a product of an individual alone but a compound effect of both individual, environment and society. As such due care must be exercised by law while handling a child offender cases i.e. careful consideration of whether the child is a first-time offender, psychological and behavioral status among various factors. This secure the interest of the society, law and best interest of a child offenders in other to meet the virtue of section 1 of the Child Rights Act (2003) which the VAPP Act breached and will be examined within this work.